![]() However, the in vitro maturing percentage of vitrified oocytes was significantly less than that of unfrozen oocytes (P < 0.05). After IVM, the percentage of oocytes reaching to the metaphase II (MII) stage was significantly higher with Cryoloop and OPS following by CS. The viability of oocytes vitrified using open-pulled straws or Cryoloop was significantly higher than that in the CS group (P < 0.05). The viability of vitrified oocytes were significantly declined compared to unfrozen oocytes (P < 0.05). The pretreatment in the vitrification and dilution solutions without any freezing or thawing did not adversely influence oocytes. The viability, cumulus cell expansion, nuclear maturation after in vitro maturation (IVM), and developmental capability of vitrified oocytes following parthenogenetic activation (PA) or in vitro fertilization (IVF) were assessed. Oocytes were randomly divided into five groups: (1) Control (2) Oocytes exposed to vitrification and dilution solutions without any cryopreservation (toxicity) (3) Oocytes vitrified using CS (CS) (4) Oocytes vitrified using OPS (OPS), and (5) Oocytes vitrified using Cryoloop (Cryoloop). In order to assess effects of vitrification on ovine oocytes at the germinal vesicle (GV) stage, the conventional plastic straw (CS), the open-pulled straw (OPS), and Cryoloop were used to vitrify ovine oocytes. 3 College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Yuanmingyuan West Road, Haidian County, Beijing, China.Electronic address: 2 Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Jindian, Panlong County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China Yunnan Provincial Meat Caprine Engineering Research Center, Jindian, Panlong County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Jindian, Panlong County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China. 1 Yunnan Animal Science and Veterinary Institute, Jindian, Panlong County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China Yunnan Provincial Meat Caprine Engineering Research Center, Jindian, Panlong County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China Yunnan Provincial Engineering Laboratory of Animal Genetic Resource Conservation and Germplasm Enhancement, Jindian, Panlong County, Kunming City, Yunnan Province, China.The team will also collaborate with scientists from the J. This project is a collaboration between The University of Bern in Switzerland and the Institut national de la recherche agronomique (INRA)-University of Bordeaux. A new improved vaccine for CCPP will ultimately be of high significance for smallholders in Africa and Asia because better livestock hold will result in better nutrition and enhanced economic empowerment, especially for women smallholders. The expected outcome of the project is a novel recombinant live or killed vaccine that will be affordable, easy to produce, and retain the capacity to protect goats against CCPP. The resultant recombinant live bacterium will not only express CCPP protective proteins but will also regenerate robustly, producing higher yields of the vaccine. These genes will be replaced by CCPP protective vaccine candidates that have been identified using bioinformatics and validated experimentally. ![]() ![]() To develop a fast growing CCPP vaccine for cheaper production and long term protection, cutting edge synthetic biotechnology tools will be used to delete harmful and nonessential genes from a fast growing bacterium isolated from wild goats. The vaccine is also expensive due to tedious production methods. The current CCPP vaccine is killed bacterium - it is safe but provides short-lived protection and therefore requires multiple revaccinations. In addition, sanitary measures are not feasible in smallholder settings. ![]() The most effective and affordable means of controlling CCPP is vaccination because antibiotic treatment does not eliminate the responsible bacterium. CCPP has been reported in 40 countries in Africa and Asia and is estimated to cause annual losses of up to US$507 million. Goats are an important source of income for women and CCPP severely affects their ability to provide for their children and family. CCPP infections can wipe out up to 70% of a goat herd, leaving behind economic devastation for poor smallholder farmers, especially women. The CCPP bacterium causes sick animals to experience severe symptoms and die within 7-10 days. Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia (CCPP) is a severe pneumonia of goats that is widespread in Africa, Asia, and parts of the Middle East. ![]()
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